GLUCOSE (CAS 50-99-7) — formula C6H12O6, molecular weight 180.16.
Documented applications: Uses: CIR ingredient: Glucose, Formed in photosynthesis, Produced commercially by hydrolysis of cornstarch with acids or enzymes, Used in foods and medicines and as a source of certain amino acids by fermentation, Also called dextrose, but glucose is the preferred term, [Hawley] Glucose is an essential carbohydrate that is used as a substrate for energy production within the body. [Olson, p. 562], Confectionary, infant foods, medicine, brewing and wine making, intermediate, caramel coloring, baking and canning, source of methane by anaerobic fermentation, source of certain amino acids (e.g. lysine) by fermentation., Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a diverse family of plant-specialized metabolites that include the pharmaceuticals codeine and morphine and their derivatives. Microbial synthesis of BIAs holds promise as an alternative to traditional crop-based manufacturing. Here we demonstrate the production of the key BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline from glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To aid in this effort, we developed an enzyme-coupled biosensor for the upstream intermediate L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Using this sensor, we identified an active tyrosine hydroxylase and improved its L-DOPA yields by 2.8-fold via PCR mutagenesis. Coexpression of DOPA decarboxylase enabled what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of dopamine production from glucose in yeast, with a 7.4-fold improvement in titer obtained for our best mutant enzyme. We extended this pathway to fully reconstitute the seven-enzyme pathway from L-tyrosine to (S)-reticuline. Future work to improve titers and connect these steps with downstream pathway branches, already demonstrated in S. cerevisiae, will enable low-cost production of many high-value BIAs., Nutrient (carbohydrate) replenisher in pharmaceuticals, food component, fluid replenisher, ...Instead of lactose, as a supplement to milk for infant feeding., For more Uses (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page., Use Classification: EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives, Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern, Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients, Fragrance Ingredients, Cosmetics -> Humectant, Industry Uses: Hardener, Soil amendments (fertilizers), Catalyst, Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable, Consumer Uses: Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable, Household Products: Information on 16 consumer products that contain Glucose in the following categories is provided:, • Personal Care, • Pet Care, Methods of Manufacturing: Dextrose is manufactured almost exclusively from corn (maize) starch in the United States. In other countries, starch from sorghum (milo), wheat, rice, potato, tapioca (yucca, cassava), arrowroot, and sago are used to varying degrees along with corn starch. Prior to the 1960s, commercial dextrose was produced using acid and acid-enzyme hydrolysis processes that yielded only about 86 and 92-94% dextrose, respectively. The development of thermostable bacterial a-amylase enzymes led to total enzyme processes that eliminated acid degradation products and increased dextrose yield to about 95-97%. In an enzymatic process, starch is hydrolyzed (thinned or liquefied) with a bacterial a-amylase. The resulting substrate is then hydrolyzed to dextrose (saccharified) using glucoamylase, a fungal enzyme that preferentially cleaves dextrose from the partially degraded starch. The initial extent of liquefaction is generally in the range of 10-20 dextrose equivalent (DE). DE is a measure of the reducing-sugar content calculated as dextrose and expressed as a percentage of the total dry substance. Several industrial enzyme liquefaction processes are used commercially. These processes are referred to as (1) enzyme-heat-enzyme, (2) low temperature, (3) dual enzyme, dual heating, (4) dual enzyme, single heating, and (5) thermal liquefaction., Hydrolysis of cornstarch with acids or enzymes, hydrolysis of cellulosic wastes., Formulations, Preparations: Grade: Technical, USP, anhydrous, hydrated., Commercial dextrose products are produced in both dry and syrup forms. Dry products are prepared by crystallization to either an anhydrous, C6H12O6, or hydrated, C6H12O6.H2O, form. These include dextrose hydrate, anhydrous alpha-D-glucose, and anhydrous beta-D-glucose. Syrup products are produced that contain from 95 to over 99% dextrose., (1) solid-high-glucose syrups (total sugar) and (2) high purity crystals grown in and then separated from glucose-bearing syrups, Crystalline glucose, Consumption Patterns: Approximately 100% as a nutrient and fluid replenisher, In 10+3 t, commercial basis: (1965) 467, (1970) 549, (1975) 562, (1980) 512, (1982) 481, (1983) 490, (1984) 467, (1985) 478, (1986) 510, commercial basis, Bakery: (1965) 177, (1970) 172, (1975) 159, (1980) 50, (1982) 50, (1983) 54, (1984) 54, (1985) 57, (1986) 73, Beverage: (1965) 9, (1970) 9, (1975) 18, (1980) 68, (1982) 77, (1983) 82, (1984) 86, (1985) 82, (1986) 79, For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (7 total), U.S. Production: 2023: 400, 000, 000 - <550, 000 lb, 2022: 400, 2021: 400, 2020: 550, 000 - <700, Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: D-Glucose. National Production Volume: 50, 000 - 100, yr., U.S. Imports: (1972) 2.03X10+8 GRAMS, (1975) 2.00X10+8 GRAMS, (1984) 1.10X10+10 g, dextrose and dextrose syrup combined, U.S. Exports: (1972) 2.65X10+9 grams (minus pharmaceuticals), (1975) 2.04X10+9 grams (minus pharmaceut.
GLUCOSE is a chemical compound with CAS registry number 50-99-7 and molecular formula C6H12O6 (molecular weight 180.16).
CAS number: 50-99-7
Its molecular formula C6H12O6 comprises 6 C, 12 H, 6 O atoms.
Also known as: GLUCOSE · Dextrose Anhydrate · D-glucopyranoside
The CAS registry number of GLUCOSE is 50-99-7.
Molecular formula C6H12O6, molecular weight 180.16.
It is also registered under: GLUCOSE, Dextrose Anhydrate, D-glucopyranoside.
Recorded applications: Uses: CIR ingredient: Glucose, Formed in photosynthesis, Produced commercially by hydrolysis of cornstarch with acids or enzymes, Used in foods and medicines and as a source of certain amino acids by fermentation, Also called dextrose, but glucose is the preferred term, [Hawley] Glucose is an essential carbohydrate that is used as a substrate for energy production within the body. [Olson, p. 562], Confectionary, infant foods, medicine, brewing and wine making, intermediate, caramel coloring, baking and canning, source of methane by anaerobic fermentation, source of certain amino acids (e.g. lysine) by fermentation., Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a diverse family of plant-specialized metabolites that include the pharmaceuticals codeine and morphine and their derivatives. Microbial synthesis of BIAs holds promise as an alternative to traditional crop-based manufacturing. Here we demonstrate the production of the key BIA intermediate (S)-reticuline from glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To aid in this effort, we developed an enzyme-coupled biosensor for the upstream intermediate L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Using this sensor, we identified an active tyrosine hydroxylase and improved its L-DOPA yields by 2.8-fold via PCR mutagenesis. Coexpression of DOPA decarboxylase enabled what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of dopamine production from glucose in yeast, with a 7.4-fold improvement in titer obtained for our best mutant enzyme. We extended this pathway to fully reconstitute the seven-enzyme pathway from L-tyrosine to (S)-reticuline. Future work to improve titers and connect these steps with downstream pathway branches, already demonstrated in S. cerevisiae, will enable low-cost production of many high-value BIAs., Nutrient (carbohydrate) replenisher in pharmaceuticals, food component, fluid replenisher, ...Instead of lactose, as a supplement to milk for infant feeding., For more Uses (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page., Use Classification: EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives, Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern, Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients, Fragrance Ingredients, Cosmetics -> Humectant, Industry Uses: Hardener, Soil amendments (fertilizers), Catalyst, Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable, Consumer Uses: Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable, Household Products: Information on 16 consumer products that contain Glucose in the following categories is provided:, • Personal Care, • Pet Care, Methods of Manufacturing: Dextrose is manufactured almost exclusively from corn (maize) starch in the United States. In other countries, starch from sorghum (milo), wheat, rice, potato, tapioca (yucca, cassava), arrowroot, and sago are used to varying degrees along with corn starch. Prior to the 1960s, commercial dextrose was produced using acid and acid-enzyme hydrolysis processes that yielded only about 86 and 92-94% dextrose, respectively. The development of thermostable bacterial a-amylase enzymes led to total enzyme processes that eliminated acid degradation products and increased dextrose yield to about 95-97%. In an enzymatic process, starch is hydrolyzed (thinned or liquefied) with a bacterial a-amylase. The resulting substrate is then hydrolyzed to dextrose (saccharified) using glucoamylase, a fungal enzyme that preferentially cleaves dextrose from the partially degraded starch. The initial extent of liquefaction is generally in the range of 10-20 dextrose equivalent (DE). DE is a measure of the reducing-sugar content calculated as dextrose and expressed as a percentage of the total dry substance. Several industrial enzyme liquefaction processes are used commercially. These processes are referred to as (1) enzyme-heat-enzyme, (2) low temperature, (3) dual enzyme, dual heating, (4) dual enzyme, single heating, and (5) thermal liquefaction., Hydrolysis of cornstarch with acids or enzymes, hydrolysis of cellulosic wastes., Formulations, Preparations: Grade: Technical, USP, anhydrous, hydrated., Commercial dextrose products are produced in both dry and syrup forms. Dry products are prepared by crystallization to either an anhydrous, C6H12O6, or hydrated, C6H12O6.H2O, form. These include dextrose hydrate, anhydrous alpha-D-glucose, and anhydrous beta-D-glucose. Syrup products are produced that contain from 95 to over 99% dextrose., (1) solid-high-glucose syrups (total sugar) and (2) high purity crystals grown in and then separated from glucose-bearing syrups, Crystalline glucose, Consumption Patterns: Approximately 100% as a nutrient and fluid replenisher, In 10+3 t, commercial basis: (1965) 467, (1970) 549, (1975) 562, (1980) 512, (1982) 481, (1983) 490, (1984) 467, (1985) 478, (1986) 510, commercial basis, Bakery: (1965) 177, (1970) 172, (1975) 159, (1980) 50, (1982) 50, (1983) 54, (1984) 54, (1985) 57, (1986) 73, Beverage: (1965) 9, (1970) 9, (1975) 18, (1980) 68, (1982) 77, (1983) 82, (1984) 86, (1985) 82, (1986) 79, For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for D(+)-Glucose (7 total), U.S. Production: 2023: 400, 000, 000 - <550, 000 lb, 2022: 400, 2021: 400, 2020: 550, 000 - <700, Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: D-Glucose. National Production Volume: 50, 000 - 100, yr., U.S. Imports: (1972) 2.03X10+8 GRAMS, (1975) 2.00X10+8 GRAMS, (1984) 1.10X10+10 g, dextrose and dextrose syrup combined, U.S. Exports: (1972) 2.65X10+9 grams (minus pharmaceuticals), (1975) 2.04X10+9 grams (minus pharmaceut.
Public-database records for GLUCOSE (CAS 50-99-7), reproduced here for independent cross-checking.
| GHS 通报统计 | 97.6% (946 / 969) |
|---|
| 法规与食品接触 | FDA Substance added to food: ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, FL DEXTROSE ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT CIR / INCI: Cosmetic ingredients (Glucose) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) |
|---|---|
| GHS 通报统计 | 97.6% (946 / 969) |
| 熔点 | 146 |
|---|---|
| 熔点 | 146 °C |
| 密度 | 1.544 |
| LogP | log Kow = -3.00 |
| LogP | -3.3 |
| Dissociation Constants | pKa = 12.92 at 0 °C |
| CAS 号 | 50-99-7 |
|---|---|
| PubChem CID | 5793 |
| 分子式 | C6H12O6 |
| IUPAC 名称 | (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol |
D-Glucopyranose; glucose; Glucopyranose; Grape sugar; Blood sugar; (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol; D-Glc; Traubenzucker; Glucosteril; Cartose; anhydrous glucose; Maxim Energy Gel; Glucosum, anhydrous; Staleydex 333; Corn sugar; d-glucopyranoside
| 分子量 | 180.16 |
|---|---|
| XLogP3 | -2.6 |
| 氢键供体数 | 5 |
| 氢键受体数 | 6 |
| 可旋转键数 | 1 |
| 精确质量 | 180.06338810 |
| 单同位素质量 | 180.06338810 |
| 拓扑极性表面积 | 110 |
| 重原子数 | 12 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
Dextrose Anhydrate · CAS 50-99-7 · C6H12O6. 熔点: 146; 熔点: 146 °C; 密度: 1.544.
Source: PubChem / Wikidata; the batch COA governs where values differ.
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